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History
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Science/Technology |
Culture
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Art
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1700
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The
Enlightenment
Social and political changes cause increased experimentation.
1707 Scotland and England
are unified to create one country
1715 Louis XV succeeds
Louis XIV as king of France
Beginning of the first Industrial Revolution lasting until
1830
Edo Period in Japan 1600-1868 governed by the Tokugawa family
Shogun, Japan was virtually closed off to all other nations during
this time.
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1714
Daniel Fahrenheit invents mercury thermometer
1748 First blast furnace built
1750 Benjamin Franklin begins to experiment with electricity.
Development of Scientific Method
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1702
First daily newspaper (London)
1748 Montesquieu publishes his Spirit of the Laws
In music,
Johann Sebastian Bach
Händel's "Messiah" |
Rococo,
considered the final phase of Baroque art, is the predominant
style in Western Art. It was characterized by a love of elegance
and ornamentation in style and subject matter.
Rosalba Carriera
François Boucher
Canaletto
Jean-Honoré Fragonard
William Hogarth
Antoine Watteau
1748 Excavation of Pompeii begins in Italy
Ukiyo-e, literally meaning "images of the floating
world," was a form of Japanese woodblock prints popular in
Edo Japan, which included scenes of everday life, entertainment,
and landscapes |
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1750
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1762
Katherine the Great begins rule in Russia
1775-1783 American Revolution
1773 The Boston Tea Party
1774 Louis XVI is King of France and Marie Antoinette is Queen
1776 US Declaration of Independence
1789 US constitution is ratified.
1789 Storming of the Bastille in Paris thus beginning the French
Revolution
1793 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are executed in France
1799-1804 Consulate of Napoleon in France. |
1769
The steam engine is invented.
1774 Priestley - discovers oxygen
1783 1st manned flight of hot air balloon
1793 Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin
1796 Edward Jenner develops smallpox vaccine |
Philosophers
Voltaire, Rousseau and Kant write important philosophical treatises.
Diderot's first
volume of the "Encyclopedie" is published.
In music,
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1752 Founding of the British museum
1768 The first modern Circus is formed in England by Philip
Astley
1781 Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason"
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Neoclassicism
emerges as a reaction to the highly ornate Rococo style with
a renewed interest in classical art and architecture. French
artist Jacques Louis David's work is representative of the Neoclassical
strain of the late 17th century.
1764 German historian Johann Winckelmann publishes his History
of the Art of Antiquity.
1770
Thomas Jefferson begins building Monticello in Virginia.
1770
Thomas Gainsborough paints "Blue Boy"
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| 1800 |
1804 Napoleon
crowned Emperor of France, his empire emulates the Roman Empire
The nineteenth century is a period of revolutions in Europe.
1808 Napoleon's army invades Spain
1808-1813 Guerrilla war in Spain
1814 Ferdinand restored as King of Spain
1827 Mormon church is founded
1837-1901 Reign of Queen Victoria
Height of the British Empire
1838 "Trail of Tears" US government relocates thousands
of Cherokee Indians on a forced march to Oklahoma. 1 in 4 die.
1846-1848 War between US and Mexico
1848 Discovery of gold in American West leads to westward expansion
1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish Communist Manifesto
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1800
Alessandro Volta - produces 1st electric battery
1804 Jacquard patents automatic loom
1807 Fulton builds the first commercial steamboat
1819 First steamship crosses the Atlantic
1821 Electric motor and generator are invented
1840 First incandescent lightbulb
1846 Sewing machine is patented |
1807 Wordsworth
- "Ode, Intimations of Immortality"
1808 Goethe - "Faust" (Pt.1)
1818: Mary Shelley - "Frankenstein"
1846 Smithsonian Institution is founded
1800-1900 Romantic Period
1875-1925 Impressionistic Period
In music, Ludwig von Beethoven and
Frederic Chopin
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Romanticism
and
Realism are the dominant styles. Romanticism was a reaction
to the rationalism of Neoclassicism and is characterized by
the role of the artist's imagination. Realism was characterized
by an interest in natural appearances without a great concern
for details.
Goya, Ingres, and Constable
1808 Goya paints "Third of May" after the French invasion
of Spain
1809-1813/14 Goya creates "Disasters of War" series
1839
Photography is invented in France by Jacques Louis Mande
Daguerre
1840 Talbot publishes first book illustrated with photographs
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| 1850 |
1861-1865
US Civil War
1862 Emancipation Proclamation by President Abraham Lincoln,
freeing slaves in the US.
1865 Abraham Lincoln is assassinated
1870-71 Franco-Prussian war leads to the establishment of the
German Empire
1870 Federal Reconstruction is at a high point in the United
States, as the first black congressmen in the country's history
take their seats, including Hiram Revels and J.H. Rainey.
1870 The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, affirming
that voting is a basic condition of citizenship and forbidding
states to deny the right to vote based on race, color, or previous
condition of servitude, is ratified.
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1859
Charles Darwin - "Origin of the Species"
1869 Dmitri Mendeleyev - "Periodic Table of the Chemical
Elements"
1869 Completion of the American Transcontinental Railroad |
1855
World's Fair in Paris
1862 Victor Hugo publishes "Les Miserables"
1869-1873 Leo Tolstoy publishes "War and Peace" and
"Anna Karenina" |
Pre-Raphaelites
Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millais, and William Holman
Hunt were a group of English artists interested in recapturing
the style of pre-Renaissance painting with an attention to symbolism
and clear color.
1855 Courbet's one-man show in Paris at World's Fair.
1863 "Salon des Refusés" exhibition of paintings and
sculptures which had been rejected by the jury of the official
"Salon" |
| 1875 |
Second Industrial
Revolution
Height of Colonialism
1875 Congress
passes the Civil Rights Act, guaranteeing blacks equal rights
in public places and banning their exclusion from jury duty.
1875 Tennessee passes a Jim Crow law segregating blacks and
whites on railroads (which are private, and so not covered by
the Civil Rights Act)
1876 Apache leader Geronimo begins a 10-year reign of war and
terror against white settlers in the American Southwest
1886
Birth of Zionism, call for the establishment of a Jewish state
in Palestine by Theodor Herzl in his book "The Jewish State"
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1876 Alexander
Graham Bell Patents the Telephone
1885 First
automobile is invented in Germany by Karl Benz and Gottlieb
Daimler
1889 William Dickson develops the Kinetophonograph, a primitive
forerunner to cinema projection
1894 x-rays are invented
The light bulb is also invented during this period
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1887 Friedrich Nietzsche publishes a number of philosophical works
1895 Oscar Wilde publishes "The Importance of Being Earnest"
1897 "Dracula" is published by Bram Stoker |
Impressionism
Postimpressionism are the predominant styles, including
the work of Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Mary Cassatt, Auguste
Renoir, Berthe Morisot, Paul Gauguin, and Vincent Van Gogh.
1874 first exhibition
of the "Impressionist" painters is held in the studios
of photographer Nadar
1889 Van Gogh's "Starry Night"
German Expressionism
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Ernst Barlach, Max Beckmann, Otto Dix,
George Grosz, Max Pechstein
1890s
Edvard Munch's "Scream"
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| 1900 |
1900 Boxer
Rebellion in China
1905 Red Sunday massacre of workers in St. Petersberg leads
to the first Russian revolution
1906 San Francisco earthquake
1912 The Titanic sinks
1914-1918
World War I
1917 US Congress declares war against Germany
1919 Treaty of Versailles
Weimar Constitution is adopted in Germany
1920 Women granted the right to vote in the United States
1922
Fascist March on Rome, Mussolini gradually transforms the government
into a dictatorship
1924 Death of Lenin in Russia, Stalin named as successor
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1901
Wireless telegraph invented.
1905 Einstein's Theory of Relativity
1903 First powered aircraft flight by Wright brother's
1900-1923 Sigmund Freud writes many of his groundbreaking essays
on Psychoanalysis.
1913 Henry Ford introduces the assembly line
1914 Panama canal opens |
In music:
Claude Debussy, Impressionist music
1900 Kodak introduces the $1 brownie.
1901 The teddy bear is introduced
1901 World's Fair in Paris
1903 First silent
movie "The Great Train Robbery"
1911 Greenwich Mean Time adopted
1920 Harlem renaissance begins
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Abstraction, Fauvism, and Cubism dominate
in the first years of 20th century.
1907 Pablo Picasso's "Demoiselle d'Avignon"
The avant-garde including such movements as, Futurism
Dada, and Surrealism are dominant in Europe and
US in 1910s-1920s. As well as, Constructivism, Suprematism,
and De Stijl.
1918-1933 The Bauhaus in Germany.
1913 The Armory show in New York
1913 Marcel Duchamp's "Bicycle Wheel"
1919 discovery of intact tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamen in Egypt
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| 1925 |
1925 Hitler
publishes "Mein Kampf"
1928 The right to vote is restricted in Fascist Italy, dropping
the number of voters by two-thirds. As part of this policy,
no women are permitted to vote.
1929 "Black Thursday" Stock Market crash
1933 Adolf Hitler named Chancellor of Germany
1939-1945 W.W.II
1945 US drops bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan ending
W.W.II
1947 India gains independence from British colonial rule
1949 People's Republic of China founded under the communist
leadership of Mao Tse-tung
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Ford Motor
car produces 10 millionth car
1928 Penicillin
discovered
1929 Car radio
invented
1929 The
first round-the-world flight ever is completed by the airship
Graf Zeppelin, named for its inventor.
1930 Pluto is
discovered
1932 air conditioning is invented
1932 Scientists split the atom
1937 Golden Gate Bridge is opened
1939 Helicopter
is invented
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1925
T.S. Eliot, William Carlos Williams, Franz Kafka, Virginia Woolf,
Gertrude Stein, Theodore Dreiser, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Willa Cather,
Sinclair Lewis, and John Dos Passos all have new novels published
.
1926 A.A. Milne publishes "Winne the Pooh"
1927 The first talking movie, "The Jazz Singer"
1929 Museum of Modern Art Opens in New York
1943 Jean Paul Sartre writes his existentialist novel "Being
and Nothingness"
1949 Simone de Beauvoir publishes key feminist text "The
Second Sex" in France |
Abstraction
continues on in painting, sculpture and photography. Many of the
movements mentioned above continued on into the late 1920s and
early 1930s.
1931 Empire State building completed
American Scene
1931 Salvador Dali "The Persistence of Memory"
1935-1942 FSA photographers document the lives of Americans during
the Great Depression
1937 Picasso's "Guernica"
1940 Prehistoric Lascaux cave paintings are discovered in France
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| 1950 |
1950-1953
Korean War
1950-1954 McCarthy witch-hunts begin in reaction to supposed "un-American"
activities (anti-Communist hysteria)
1952 Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
1953 Martin Luther King Jr. leads Montgomery Bus Boycott as beginning
of Civil Rights Movement
1954 Congress rules racial segregation of US schools is unconstitutional
1959 The Dalai Lama, spiritual leader of Tibet, is forced into
exile in India
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1954
Launch of first nuclear submarine
1954 Jonas Salk discovers vaccine for Polio
1957 Soviet Union launches two Sputnik satellites
1958 USA launches five satellites and a rocket
1959 Britain launches the Mini Minor
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William
Burroughs's novel "Junkie"
Opening of Disneyland in CA.
1956 Allen Ginsberg publishes "Howl and Other Poems"
1957 Roland Barthes "Mythologies"
1957 Jack Kerouac publishes Beat classic "On the Road" |
Abstract
Expressionism is the predominant style in the US, specifically
in New York.
1951 Barnet Newman paints "Vir Heroicus Sublimis"
1955 Jasper John's paints "White Flag"
1956 Jackson Pollock dies
1957 Situationist International forms |
| 1960 |
1962 Cuban
Missile Crisis
1963 John F. Kennedy assassinated
1965 Malcolm X assassinated
1966 Black Panther Party is established
1968 Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated
1969 Robert F. Kennedy
is assassinated
1968 Student protest and riots in US and Europe
1968 Tet Offensive in Vietnam
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1960
The contraceptive pill is widely available in the US
1963 Vaccine for measles
1965 Philips Records sell first music cassette tapes
1969 US astronauts land on the moon |
1960 Alfred
Hitchcock's "Psycho"
1962 Marilyn Monroe is found dead
1961 Michel Foucault publishes "L'Histoire de la folie"
1961 Joseph Hellers novel "Catch 22"
1969 Sesame Street begins on US television
1969 Woodstock music festival in New York
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Pop
Art, Earth
Art, Fluxus, Minimalism, Op Art are
important styles and movements in the 1960s.
1962 Andy Warhol
paints "Campbell's Soup Cans"
1963 Roy Lichtenstein's
painting "Whaam!"
1966 Edward Keinholz exhibits "State Hospital"
1970 Robert Smithson's "Spiral Jetty" |
| 1970 |
1970
At Kent State University in Ohio, a student protest to end the
war in Southeast Asia ends in bloodshed when National Guardsmen
open fire, killing four and injuring eight
1971 US combat deaths in Vietnam exceed 45,000
1973 US withdraws from Vietnam
1973 Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court rules that women have the
unrestricted right to abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy
1974 President Nixon resigns
1975 Khmer Rouge capture Phnom Penh in Cambodia
1979 Ayatollah Khomeini takes power in Iran
1979 Soviet Union invades Afghanistan |
1970 The Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) is created by Congress to control air
and water pollution.
1970 IBM develops the floppy disk
1971 FDA approves soft contact lenses (invented in 1962)
1972 Home videocassette recorders are on sale
1973 US launches the Skylab space station
1975 First personal computer marketed in US
1978 Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) are banned in spraycans
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1971
Stanley Kubrick's film "Clockwork Orange"
1973 Erica Jong publishes "Fear of Flying", "Gravity's
Rainbow" by Thomas Pynchon, and "The Castle of Crossed
Destinies," Italo Calvino.
1976 Umberto Eco publishes "The Theory of Semiotics"
1976 "Roots" is written by Alex Haley, becoming one
of the most well-known narratives of slavery.
1979 Edward Said publishes "Orientalism" |
Conceptual
Art, Postmodernism, Photo-Realism
American and British feminists begin to question the exclusion
of women in the History of Art, thus beginning Feminist Art
History
1971 Linda Nochlin publishes her groundbreaking article "Why
Have There Been No Great Woman Artists?"
1971 Chris Burden's performance "Shoot"
1974 Judy Chicago and others begin "The Dinner Party" |
| 1980 |
1980
Iraq launches an air strike and begins the 8-year Iran-Iraqi War.
1981 First woman appointed to the Supreme Court
1982 Israel invades Lebanon
1983 President Reagan backs Nicaraguan Contras
1983 The U.S. Embassy in Lebanon is bombed in a terrorist attack
which kills 63. In another attack in Lebanon, U.S Marine and French
barracks explode, killing 248 Americans and 58 French citizens.
1983 Sally Ride becomes the first woman in space
1984 Indira Ghandhi is assassinated
1989 The Berlin Wall is dismantled in Germany ending 45 years
of Communist rule in Eastern Europe
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1981 US Space Shuttle is launched for the first time
1981 IBM launches its personal
computer
1982 Compact disc players
go on sale
1983 US scientists isolate the HIV virus
1983 Cellular phones make their first U.S. appearance
1984 Apple Computer, founded by Stephen Wozniak and Steven Jobs,
releases the Macintosh personal computer.
1986 Challenger spacecraft explodes
1987 DNA is first used to convict criminals
1988 US Stealth bomber is launched |
1980
Julia Kristeva "The Powers of Horror"
1980: Umberto Eco's novel, "The Name of the Rose," infuses
fiction with semiotics.
1982 "E.T." the movie is released
1982: Alice Walker's novel, The Color Purple.
1988: Salman Rushdie's novel, "The Satanic Verses,"
enrages Muslims
1989 Italian film "Cinema Paradiso" |
1981
Richard Serra's sculpture "Tilted Arc"
1982 Maya Lin's Vietnam Veteran's Memorial, Washington
1985 The NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt is launched
1985 Guerilla Girls take art world by storm with protests about
sexism and racial discrimination.
1987 Andy Warhol dies
1987 Barbara Kruger's "I Shop Therefore I am"
1987 Andres Serrano "Piss Christ"
1989 "Magiciens de la Terre" exhibition in Paris
1989 Controversy over NEA funding of such artists as Andres Serrano
and Robert Mapplethorpe
1989 The Corcoran Gallery cancels major Mapplethorpe retrospective
due to NEA controversy
The same year the NEA's budget is cut by $45, 000 |
| 1990 |
1990 Iraq invades
Kuwait
1990 Nelson Mandela released from prison after 27 years
1991 Desert Storm in Iraq
1991 USSR dissolved and Communist party stripped of power
1992 Los Angeles riots after acquittal of policemen in beating
of Rodney King.
1993 World Trade Center bombing in New York
1994 Nicole Simpson and Ronald Goldman murdered in Los Angeles.
O.J. Simpson arrested for murders.
1994 Democratic elections in South Africa
1995 Oklahoma City bombing kills 168
1998 The Clinton sex scandal -- the president denies having
a sexual relationship with intern Monica Lewinsky -- becomes
2nd American president to be impeached.
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1990
Space shuttle "Discovery" is launched carrying the Hubble
Telescope
1991 Computer-guided missiles used in the War
1992 The Internet Society is chartered, and 1,000,000 host computers
are connected in a network. |
1992
Euro Disney opens in Marne-La-Vallee, France, to the dismay of
French intellectuals lamenting the spread of American popular
culture.
1992 Beijing, China opens its first McDonalds
1992 The International UFO Museum opens in Roswell, New Mexico.
1993 US President Bill Clinton institutes the Don't Ask, Don't
Tell policy for gays in the military.
1997 Princess Diana is killed in a car crash in Paris |
1990
The NEA rejects proposals by four artists--Karen Finley, Tim Miller,
Holly Hughes, and John Fleck--on the basis that their art was
"indecent"
The "NEA Four"" sues the NEA for breeching their
freedom of speech
The artists lose their battle against the NEA in a 1998 Supreme
Court ruling
1994 "Bad Girls" exhibition, New York
1994 Clement Greenberg dies
1997 Richard Meier completes construction of the J. Paul Getty
Museum in Los Angeles |
